Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among individuals in their reproductive years, and it has reached epidemic proportions in recent times. PCOS presents a range of symptoms, including irregular or absent menstrual periods (amenorrhea), weight gain or obesity, an abundance of pimples or acne, and the growth of facial hair. On ultrasound examinations, multiple small cysts can be observed in the ovaries, which is why the condition is referred to as Polycystic Ovarian Disease or Syndrome (PCOD/PCOS).

This condition primarily arises due to lifestyle factors, making it essentially a lifestyle disease. Factors such as high-stress levels, insufficient physical activity, and excessive consumption of processed or junk foods contribute to its prevalence. Notably, a growing number of teenagers and young adults in India are now afflicted by PCOS, and it is imperative to understand the reasons behind this sudden epidemic. As a consequence, the ovaries fail to produce an adequate number of eggs, instead forming small cysts within them. This is why the term “polycystic ovaries” is used. Anovulation, or the absence of egg production, disrupts the menstrual cycle, causing scanty periods and, eventually, the complete absence of periods. Insulin also plays a significant role in this condition, as these patients often exhibit high insulin levels, a condition known as hyperinsulinemia, which can progress to diabetes.

Additionally, the condition leads to weight gain, excessive androgen production resulting in facial hair growth and acne, and mood disturbances such as irritability and mood swings. Collectively, PCOS presents a wide spectrum of symptoms in affected individuals.